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Flask

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install

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pip install flask

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Hello Flask

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from flask import Flask\napp = Flask(__name__)  # Flask 객체 생성\n \n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    return '<h1>Hello World!</h1>'\n \nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True, port=5000)
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Flask를 처음 시작할 때 생성하는 hello world 출력 코드입니다.

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정말 간단한 코드지만 Flask의 기본적인 구조를 잘 보여주고 있습니다.

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app은 Flask객체입니다. 원하는 기능을 추가하고 싶을 때 이 app에 기능을 추가해주면되고, 특정 url에 기능을 추가하고 싶을 경우에도 app을 기준으로 url을 추가해준 뒤 기능을 구현해주면 됩니다.

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아무튼 이렇게 실행을 하면 app.run()을 통해 http://127.0.0.1:5000/ 주소로 app이 배포가 시작됩니다.

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5000번 port는 flask에서 실행한 서버의 포트이며, debug=True 개발용으로 실행한다는 뜻으로 프로젝트에서 변경된 코드가 생길 시 자동으로 변경된 코드를 적용해서 서버를 다시 시작해주는 기능을 갖고 있습니다.

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Route

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Flask를 사용시 어쩌면 가장 중요하다고 할 수 있는 route기능입니다.

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from flask import Flask\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\n@app.route('/home')\ndef home():\n    return 'Hello, World!'\n\n@app.route('/user')\ndef user():\n    return 'Hello, User!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)
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route는 말 그대로 경로를 지정해주는 기능입니다.

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이게 무슨말이냐. 보통 웹에 배포를 시작할 경우 다양한 기능들(로그인, 검색, 메뉴 등등)을 제공해야 하는데 http://127.0.0.1:5000/ 이라는 주소 하나만으로는 모든 기능을 처리할 수 없습니다.\n그렇다고 저 주소안에 여러기능들을 다 쑤셔넣을 수도 없으니까요.

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이 app.route 데코레이터를 이용해 url의 suffix를 추가해줄 수 있습니다.

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위에 코드를 예시로 들어보면 home 함수에는 /home, /이라는 문자가 route 데코레이터를 통해 추가된 것을 확인할 수 있습니다.

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이 말은 http://127.0.0.1:5000/ 또는 http://127.0.0.1:5000/home 에 접속할 경우 home 함수를 실행하라는 뜻입니다.

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마찬가지로 http://127.0.0.1:5000/user 에 접속 시 user함수가 실행되는 것을 알 수 있습니다.

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Blueprint

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굉장히 중요한 기능인 이 route는 기능이 필요할 때마다 계속 추가되어야 하기 때문에, 함수가 많을 경우 번거로워질 수 있습니다.

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예를 들면 동일하게 /menu 로 시작하는 url이 있는 경우 2~3개면 상관없겠지만 실제 프로젝트에선 10개가 넘어갈 수도 있는데 전부 하나씩 menu를 달아주는 것은 비효율적입니다.

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이런 상황에서 blueprint를 이용하면 route함수들을 보다 구조적으로 관리할 수 있게 됩니다.

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Blueprint 객체

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# app.py\nfrom flask import Flask\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nfrom .views import main_views\t\napp.register_blueprint(main_views.bp)
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# views\\main_views.py\nfrom flask import Blueprint\n\nbp = Blueprint('main_views', __name__, url_prefix='/view')\n\n\n@bp.route('/hello')\ndef main_view():\n    return 'main view'
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    \n
  1. blueprint 객체 생성
    2. \n
  2. Flask 객체 app에서 blueprint객체를 register해준다.
    3. \n
  3. controller route에서 blueprint 객체를 써준다.
    4. \n
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최종적으로 hello_pybo함수의 url은 127.0.0.1:5000/view/hello가 됩니다.

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이런 식으로 blueprint를 사용하여 url을 구조적으로 관리해줄 수 있습니다.

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app teardown appcontext

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@app.teardown_appcontext\ndef shutdown_session(exception=None):\n    db_session.remove()
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app.teardown_appcontext데코레이터는 클라이언트의 요청이 종료됐을 경우에 자동으로 실행되도록 하는 함수입니다.

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위 함수를 읽기만해도 알 수 있듯이 클라이언트의 요청이 종료될 경우 해당함수가 실행돼 db가 종료되도록 한다는 뜻입니다.

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매우 간단하지만 중요한 개념이기 때문에 언급하고 넘어가겠습니다.

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Database

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이번엔 flask에 database를 연동하는 방법을 알아보겠습니다.

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흔히들 python에 database에 연동할 때 각 sql을 지원하는 라이브러리의 connect()함수를 사용하여 연동했을겁니다.

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# ex) mysql 연결\nimport pymysql \n\nconn = pymysql.connect(\n    user='root', \n    passwd='{설정한 비밀번호}', \n    host='127.0.0.1', \n    db='juso-db', \n    charset='utf8'\n)
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이런 식으로 간단하게 연동한 뒤 원하는 sql명령을 처리해 db에 적용했습니다.

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하지만 flask는 보통 배포를 위해 사용되고 또한 배포되는 서버는 다수의 사용자가 사용하게 됩니다. 위와 같은 방식으로 구현한다면 1만명의 사용자가 접속했을 때 1만번의 db연결을 해줘야 됩니다.

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즉 매우매우 비효율적이고, 속도도 느립니다.

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이를 해결하기 위해 미리 db session을 저장해두는 pooling방식을 사용합니다.

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flask-sqlalchemy

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하지만 저희가 굳이 pooling을 구현할 필요는 없습니다. 이미 pooling방식으로 간단하게 데이터베이스를 연동할 수 있는 sqlalchemy 라이브러리가 존재하고,

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더 나아가 flask를 위해 구현되어 편리하게 app객체에 db옵션을 추가해줄 수 있고, 클라이언트 요청이 종료되면 자동으로 db_session을 pool에서 삭제시켜주기까지 하는\nflask-sqlalchemy라는 라이브러리가 존재합니다.

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config

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https://flask-sqlalchemy.palletsprojects.com/en/2.x/config/#configuration-keys

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flask-sqlalchemy 라이브러리를 사용하면 flask 객체에 sqlalchemy에 대한 설정을 해줄 수 있습니다.

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전체 config속성은 위 링크에 접속하셔서 확인해주시면 되고, 그 중 중요하다고 생각되는 기능들을 알아보겠습니다.

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from flask import Flask\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\napp.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = \"postgresql://{user_name}:{password}@{host}:{port}/{database_name}\"\napp.config['SQLALCHEMY_COMMIT_ON_TEARDOWN'] = True\napp.config['SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE'] = 30\napp.config['SQLALCHEMY_MAX_OVERFLOW'] = 20\napp.config['SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE'] = 60
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사용법은 간단합니다. 생성된 flask객체의 config함수에서 원하는 속성값을 지정해주면 됩니다.

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db연결

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from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy\n\ndb = SQLAlchemy()\n\ndb.init_app(app)
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flask_sqlalchemy의 SQLAlchemy 클래스 객체를 생성해주고 init_app을 앞서 설정했던 flask app과 연결해주면 매우 쉽게 연동이 완료됩니다.

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자 이제 SQLAlchemy를 이용해 새로운 table을 생성해보겠습니다.

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class Test(db.Model):\n    __tablename__ = 'test'\n    user_id = db.Column(db.String(20), primary_key=True)\n    name = db.Column(db.String(20))\n    \n    def __init__(self, user_id, name):\n        self.user_id = user_id\n        self.name = name
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db.Model 클래스를 상속받는 Test라는 클래스를 생성해봤습니다.

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이 Test클래스는 하나의 table입니다.

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__tablename__: 이름에서 알 수 있듯이 테이블명입니다.

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user_id = db.Column(db.String(20), primary_key=True): user_id라는 컬럼을 만드는데 String type에 길이는 20이며, primary_key로 지정하겠다는 의미입니다.

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이런 식으로 원하는 테이블과 column들을 원하는 대로 만들어줄 수 있으며 자유롭게 코드 내부에서 객체로 생성해 사용가능합니다.

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다만 실제로 sql내부에 생성하려면 별도의 작업이 필요합니다.

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아까 db를 연결했던 코드에서 단 한줄만 추가해주면 됩니다.

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from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy\n\ndb = SQLAlchemy()\n\ndb.init_app(app)\ndb.create_all()
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db.create_all()을 사용하면 db.Model을 상속받은 클래스들이 실제로 sql내부에 존재하는지 여부를 확인하고 존재한다면 자동으로 생성해줍니다.

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기본적인 db응용

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SELECT

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db.session.query(Test).all() #SELECT * FROM test\ndb.session.query(Test.user_id).all() #SELECT user_id FROM test
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WHERE\nfilter를 사용합니다.

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db.session.query(Test).filter(Test.user_id == 'sooftware').all()\ndb.session.query(Test).filter(Test.user_id == 'sooftware', Test.name == 'Soohwan Kim').all()
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INSERT

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test = Test('sooftware', 'Soohwan Kim')\ndb.session.add(test)\ndb.session.commit()
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sql에 대해 자세히 모르더라도 객체의 함수로 편리하고 쉽게 처리가 가능합니다.

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Startups)","tags":["record"],"date":"2021-12-05T10:00:00.000Z","draft":false,"excerpt":null,"image":{"childImageSharp":{"gatsbyImageData":{"layout":"fullWidth","placeholder":{"fallback":"data:image/png;base64,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"},"images":{"fallback":{"src":"/static/bb766eb0837f5b7957ea04f792e7cab4/d2fbe/startup.png","srcSet":"/static/bb766eb0837f5b7957ea04f792e7cab4/2512b/startup.png 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TUNiB.","avatar":{"childImageSharp":{"gatsbyImageData":{"layout":"fullWidth","placeholder":{"fallback":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAOCAYAAAAvxDzwAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAADjElEQVQ4y23Oy48TdQDA8TExEaTttvSBfdHddru7bWc6bWd+8+i0u23n0SdlBRQXZGHDgiiLDwgqXjCIJEaC8cLBmHgwUU9EYzRqQuLJi/4NJB6NF+8evgbOHr7XT76SM5ix7s4QnRHnnm9yZzvBTIswN8JcP5bC67ZoWi7CdtFsn5bloZo+dSNAMYbIIqCmD6mJIVXdR3J6I7r9IQ3T59pZlW+uxzndCbPdC/HZXoq3TikowsfqBOjOmFZ7SrM9p2kfRbXn1O0jKNbsSbJ5BMnu9Gl3+qiiz4OPSvz0QRLHFGwOZH6+neLHT5YRbRerM0J0JrTas/8FZXNKzZgg2es+ZtvDdbs8+iHJl+9lWVP7OG2br26k+PvXJCfmFqoYIpwhTXtMwxpTN0coxhjFmCKbE2rGmKoYPQY9qi2fyzsq//4e5sNXi5TlLqbd5t6lPH/9kuDTG2usqgGi7dO0hzSsIXUzQDaGKGKMLEZUxZCKCJB02+PUpMH9vQwP7ybYnSxyfNrjwumA3dEiD94v8cfnK7xzWsbpujQtH9X0qBs+iuEjC5+a7lPVPSqai9SyelyYFbjkh5hqC3TkKOutLON2nkYpgtuMcT6IszdPslo8SLlcpmUH1A0XRQyQhUtNuFQ1l4o2QFI1h3OTVXbcg+grIfSVBRqlEGopgrYSRi0e4KiIse1mScSeopA/iLADmoZL3Rgg631q+oCq1qeq95FOzhQefpzn7eMpBmqcoBVj04pzwkky0eNMRYIdL8F3twusLe2nslrE6g5pGX1U8/FhD1nvUW1tUJK7SH9+n+DR1zF2vQSvH0lz88wiV45V2J1WuHqsxLXNAnuzNJdfWmK5/BylUgFhb6DZAxR9g7rpIos+Wttja2uE9M9vYb69k+DqfJErWzLOuoVqdKlpDo4jODms4zlFckuHObx4iHwuRi6fYqmYY201x/LqMrnFDNl8gRvvukhNdT9394rcOlNFMxrUhYFmW9imTEsp0mhWKC2nWSokyWSiFA7HSKcXiEb34fayyLVniUQk8rmn2drKIqlqiNcuVrh2ymQS1Nh8sc/GoMEbl7u8eb5D1yqTzkRJJsOkkiGymQVShyLE4yHWKnEq1RjpTIhmI8r2y3mkyloI38uha1n6bpVXrkw5+4LD/S/2uHnrIopaJhZ9hmQqwqHkAXJP8BDhyD46ZoWdMxOGcx/PNfECk/8AbxXdRjRliPoAAAAASUVORK5CYII="},"images":{"fallback":{"src":"/static/a9e6b445142b247ee4cfa66155398bb2/7cf1f/soohwan.png","srcSet":"/static/a9e6b445142b247ee4cfa66155398bb2/34f77/soohwan.png 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